GRE scores are used by admissions or fellowship panels to supplement your undergraduate records, recommendation letters and other qualifications for graduate-level study. The GRE General Test is accepted at thousands of graduate schools, including business and law, as well as departments and divisions within these schools.
Watch the Video for Details regarding Registeration Fee, Time Table and Syllabus:
These are the Links from which you can revise the Basics of Math (Quantitative Portion) and Some Verbal (English) Portion.
Must cover if you are preparing HEC scholarship Test/ HEC Indigenous Scholarship Test Preparation. HAT, GAT General Test or any other that involves Quantitative and Verbal.
Quantitative portion Zakat Calculations
Prep Post #1 (one mcq must)Zakat Calculations
As Zakat is 2.5% of total amount or divide total amount by 40, you will get the Zakat Amount. divide by 40 is easy as compared to 2.5% calculation.
Video Explanation:
Quantitative portion Percentage questions
X%=X/100 1%=1/100
10 is what percent of 80?
x=12.5
Video Explanation: [ Must see contain past paper solved mcqs]
Quantitative portion Mean Median Mode Range
1. The mean is the usual average,
2. The median is the middle value, so I’ll have to rewrite the list in order: (order is important)
3. The mode is the number that is repeated more often than any other
4. Range=Largest-smallest
Quantitative portion: GEOMETRY
First, try to remind: Area of Circle.(its CIRCUMFERENCE (radius/diameter)/perimeter) Rectangle. Triangle. Cube. Basic Pythagoras theorem
Video Explanations: these videos contain past papers questions of geometry- Must Watch them and Practise
Quantitative portion: CLOCK ANGLE (one must MCQ)
Remember this formula | 30*hr-5.5*min | [Explained in video]
3:30
3 is hour
30 is at the minute place
hour: minute or hr: min
Quantitative Portion Solving General Equations
Quantitative Portion PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY OF DIE:
When a single die is thrown, there are six possible outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
EXAMPLE:
The chances of rolling a “4” with a die.
Ans: Number of ways it can happen: 1 (there is only 1 face with a “4” on it)
Total number of outcomes: 6 (there are 6 faces altogether)
So the probability = 1/6
EXAMPLE:
A die is rolled, find the probability that an even number is obtained.
Ans: six possible outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Even numbers are 2,4,6 (3 outcomes)
Probability=3/6PROBABILITY OF TOSS:
When a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes:
heads (H) or tails (T)
We say that the probability of the coin landing H is ½
And the probability of the coin landing T is ½
EXAMPLE:
Two coins are tossed, find the probability that two heads are obtained.
Ans:
Each coin has two possible outcomes H (heads) and T (Tails).
HT, TT, HH,TH (possible outcomes)
Two Head= HH (one outcome)
Probability= 1/4PROBABILITY OF CARD:
one deck=Total 52 cards
13 cards of SPADE= 1 Joker, 1 King, 1 Queen and 1 Ace plus 10
13 cards of DIAMOND =1 Joker, 1 King, 1 Queen and 1 Ace plus 10
13 cards of CLUBS=1 Joker, 1 King, 1 Queen and 1 Ace plus 10
13 cards of HEARTS =1 Joker, 1 King, 1 Queen and 1 Ace plus 10
Quantitative Portion: AGE-RELATED PROBLEMS
If x = present age of a person
x – 3 = age of the person 3 years ago
x + 5 = age of the person 5 years from now or 5 years henceIf
A = present age of A and
B = present age of BSum of their ages 4 years ago = (A – 4) + (B – 4)
Sum of their ages 2 years hence = (A + 2) + (B + 2)
The difference of their ages = A – B.
Quantitative Portion: Trigonometry
Quantitative Portion:Quotients and Remainder Theorem
Quantitative portion: Ratio and Proportions:
Ratio and Proportions: [Must in test]
a:b (comparion of the quantities in same unit)
The equality of two ratios is called proportion .a:b::c:d a:b=c:d a, b, c, d are in proportion. a : b :: c : d (b x c) = (a x d).
VERBAL Portion (English) ANALOGIES
VERBAL Portion ANTONYMS
Past Paper of GAT General November 2019
Today I found sometimes to review Pakistan’s history of borrowing from IMF. I’ve found some interesting facts. Please read and share as educating our people is must to fight against mafias who’ve destroyed us by compromising economic empowerment of the motherland.
Pakistan first went to IMF on 8;December 1958 when Gen. Ayub was the ruling the country. Gen. Ayub’s finance team got $25m approved under standby agreement was the money was never withdrawn.
After that during Gen. Ayub’s time Pakistan went twice to IMF and withdrew US$ 112 million against the same agreed amount by IMF in 1965 and 1968.
After that on May 18, 1972 Pak knocked IMF’s door once again under the dynamic leadership of ZA Bhutto but it was unstoppable as Mr. Bhutto went 4 times consecutively from 1972 to 1978. During Mr. ZAB’s time Pakistan withdrew about $314 million against agreed $330 million
Then came Gen. Zia. From 1980 to 1981 Pakistan went to IMF twice and secured loans of $2.187 billion but only $1.079 billion were used.
From 1988 to 1997 Pakistan went to IMF 8 times under the experienced, dynamic and champion governments of PPP and PMLN. During this period Pakistan withdrew about $1.64 billion. Out of 8 times, five times it was PPP’s government and three time PMLN was ruling.
Then came Gen. Musharraf whose government secured $1.33 billion in two attempts not to mention in 9 years and on massively lower interest rates. Then returned democracy.
پھر نیا زمانہ آیا
اپنے ساتھ گو گو لایا
PPP came in power and secured highest ever loan sizing to US$ 4.94 billion.
PPP was replaced by PMLN in 2013 and they then secured another US$4.399 billion.
All in all till today Pakistan has borrowed US$13.79 billion from IMF out of which 47% loans were secured by @PPP_Org followed by @pmln_org with 36% while military dictatorship contributed merely by 18%.
Analysis by SARFARAZ Abbasi
Twitter : @iamsarfarazabbasi
Keep in mind following things:-
1. First of all, go and make a proper email ID if you don’t have one. gangster@yahoo.com, Badmash@Gmail.com, Princesslovely@hotmail.com, Ahmed123@yahoo.com , These kind of email ids shows your non seriousness. Your Email id should consist of your first name and last name. for e.g. firstname.lastname@gmail.com or Ahmed.Khan@gmail.com.
2. Please proof read your Document. Make sure it doesn’t have any spelling or grammatical errors and mistakes.
Please remove that References heading which says ‘References will be furnished on requests’. It is a wastage of space on your document.
3. Please don’t include you Personal information like your residential address and your CNIC (Computerized National Identity Card) number.
4. If you have added ‘Objective’, in your document, make sure it is not copied from Google. The recruiters are very smart.
5. Save your document in ‘PDF’ Format and should be named as ‘First Name.Last Name.pdf’ for e.g. ‘Afaq Durrez.pdf’.
6. Make sure you have an updated LinkedIn account and mention its link in your document.
7. Use Regular Fonts in your document like Arial or Times new Roman. Don’t use fancy fonts like Comic Sans etc
8. Try to keep your document precise. A one page CV is the best document. Although, up to 2 pages is OK too.
9. You are going to be hired on the basis of your skills, not on the basis of how you look. So avoid adding your photograph in the document. If you still want to add it, make sure its formal.
10. Please don’t add any skill that is not relevant to the job you are applying for. And don’t add any skill in which you are not good at all.
11. The CV/Resume should be different for every other job that you are applying.
12. Make sure you read the job description. Try to add the requirements on your document which are mentioned on the job advertisement.
13. Do write a cover letter in the Email while sending the CV. The Cover letter should be written in the email.
14. Don’t attach the document of the cover letter in the email. And the Subject of the email should be proper.
15. Please don’t appear in the interviews unprepared! It gives a bad impression of not only yours but the institution too. Make sure you are well prepared and serious for the interview. Try to be at your best. If you want time, you can ask on email humbly from the HR to give you another date and time for the interview if its possible for them.
16. Don’t miss any interview without letting them know! the time is precious.
Best of Luck
January 11, 2017
PM hands over 200 buses to schools in Islamabad. The Prime Minister, accompanied by his daughter Maryam Nawaz at the inauguration, said that Maryam Nawaz is paying special attention to children’s education.
Maryam Nawaz, addressing the ceremony earlier, said the government is working to bridge the gap between public and private schools in the country. The Prime Minister cut a cake with the children and took rounds in the new bus with the children. He further said that the ministers will continue to visit schools and pledged to personally visit the schools as well. Charges of these buses i.e fuel, maintenance ,miscellaneous etc will be maintained under PM education reform.
20 APRIL 2017:
Now School Principal are collecting bus fee from students. School Principal abiding law Article 25 by adding 700 Rupees(Transport fee) per month to Fee voucher.
School Name: Islamabad model school for GIRLS G-11/1
Principal Name: Miss Raheela
Prime Minister Office should take notice to this serious issue as soon as possible.
Top five moments forever engraved in Misbah’s legacy:
Misbah brought Pakistan the ultimate Test honour when, under his leadership, Pakistan became the number one ranked Test side for the first time in the country’s history after drawing England series in August 2016.
Misbah became Pakistan’s most successful Test captain ever following the conclusion of the series against New Zealand in UAE in November 2014.
Two years later, he became the most successful Asian captain by winning his 10th series (against West Indies in October 2016), surpassing the Indian duo of Saurav Ganguly and MS Dhoni, who both had won nine Test series each.
It was during the Pakistan tour to England in the summer of 2016 when Misbah gave the cricketing world his most famous pose ever: the push-ups, which quickly set a trend in Pakistan cricket and in other circles around the world.
Misbah – always the steady one – broke away all stereotypes when he equalled West Indian legend Sir Vivian Richards’ record for the (then) fastest century in Tests, reaching the milestone in 56 balls against Australia in Abu Dhabi in November 2014.
Misbah took over the Test reins at a time when Pakistan cricket was badly shaken by the infamous spot-fixing scandal of 2010 – an incident which had left players’ confidence shaky and smeared the image of the country.
Despite the challenging times, Misbah rebuilt the team and instilled a renewed sense of self-esteem and courage in his players, who rallied around him and pushed Pakistan cricket forward unhindered by the negativity.
GAT consists of QUANTITATIVE, VERBAL AND ANALYTICAL portion
First is Quantitative portion:
POST #1
NTS-GAT preparations
Zakat Calculations.
As Zakat is 2.5% of total amount or divide total amount by 40, you will get the Zakat Amount.
divide by 40 is easy as compared to 2.5% calculation.
Find the Zakat on 48000? or Find the Zakat at rate of 2.5% on 48000?
48000/40= 1200
Question:
Calculate Zakat on 111000?
GAT preparations
POST#2
Quantitative Portion
Statistics:
Mean
Median
Mode
Range
Find the mean, median, mode, and range for the following list of values:
13, 18, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13
1. The mean is the usual average, so:
(13 + 18 + 13 + 14 + 13 + 16 + 14 + 21 + 13) ÷ 9 = 15
2. The median is the middle value, so I’ll have to rewrite the list in order:
13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21
There are nine numbers in the list, so the middle one will be the
5th number
So the median is 14
3. The mode is the number that is repeated more often than any other, so 13 is the mode.
4. The largest value in the list is 21, and the smallest is 13, so the range is 21 – 13 = 8.
Range=Largest-smallest
Now Find the mean, median, mode, and range for the following list of values:
1, 2, 4, 7, 4
POST#3.
GAT preparations:Quantitative portion:
Percentage questions:
X%=X/100
1%=1/100
(1/X)%=(1/X)*(1/100)
1. What % of 60 is 15?
Ans:
WHAT means unknown so What=(x),
OF means multiplication so Of=(*)
and IS means equal so is=(
=)
Now writing equation:
X%*60=15
X%=X/100
So
X/100*(60)=15
x = 15 * 100 / 60
x = 100/4 = 25
Answer: 25
2. 25% of what number is 15?
3. 25% of 60 is what?
POST #4
GAT preparations
Quantitative portion.
Percentage increase and decrease in Areas/Length/radius…
First try to remind:
Area of:
Circle.
Rectangle.
Triangle.
Cube
their radius formula can be drawn from Area..
Question:
The length of a rectangle is halved, while its breadth is tripled. What is the percentage change in area?
How to Answer:
take original length = x and original breadth = y.
Original area = xy.
As length is halved:
New Length: x/2
As breadth is triple
New Breadth: 3y
New area=New lenght*new breath
New area: (x/2*3y)=3/2(xy)=1.5xy
original area was xy
new area is 1.5xy
1.5xy-xy=0.5xy
So increase is 0.5
which means 50 percent increase:in area
POST#5.
GAT preparations:
Quantitative portion:
Time and Work Questions:
Work from Days:
If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A’s 1 day’s work = 1/n
Days from Work:
If A’s 1 day’s work = 1/n then A can finish the work in n days
Question:
A can do a work in 15 days and B in 20 days. If they work on it together for 4 days, then the fraction of the work that is left is
Answer:
A’s 1 day’s work = 1/15
B”s 1 days work= 1/20
work together means addition of both
so
(A+B) 1 day’s work =1/15+1/20=7/60
now complete statement was work together for 4 days
so multiply by 4
(A+B) 4 day’s work=7/60(4)=7/15
Now remaining work was 1-7/15=8/15 answer
Post more questions in comments for practice.
POST # 6
GAT preparation
Quantitative Portion
Angle and Clock Problems:
Memorize that formula
POST#7
GAT preparation
Quantitative Portion:
Trigonometry
You should remember these formula’s specially Pythagoras identities , reciprocal and quotient identities and double angle identities
GAT-General Preparations Post# 8
Analytical Reasoning
Every question has its own taste. You have to solve them by practice. use relations, equations or your own method to solve the questions.
Paper ma easy hoty hein questions bs hum try nhi krty solve krny ki. hum ny paka mind banaya hua hai keh hum ny tukka hi lagana hai.
GAT-General Preparations
Post# 9
Verbal Reasoning (ENGLISH)
Grammar:
Tenses and Aspect
To review the Tenses please check this file and then practice questions
Link:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8Q5Rkd_1fvwUXpfcHFremlmb3c/view
GAT test ma usage of tense aye ga means sentence ko usi ky tense ky according pura krna hoga. for example: past tense ma diya ho toh past tense ky principle use kr ky sentence completion.
Prepositions it is also part of Grammar.
Link:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8Q5Rkd_1fvwTmZ5WkExOGw2Tlk/view
He do not reads a book.
He does not read a book.
He is not reading a book.
He not read a book.
which is correct
From where do you come?
Where do you come from?
Where does you come from?
Where dos you come from?
which is correct
conditional sentences is also part of the grammar portion:
three types of conditional sentences
The water in the pool would have been warmer if the sun had shone more often.
If Betty had written more applications, she would have got an apprenticeship.
The boys would have won the match if they had trained regularly.
1-Boeing
careers@boeing.com
2- Delmon Oil & Gas
hr@delogss.com
3- Akzonobel
careers.ksa@akzonobel.com
4- Bureauveritas
abdulla.shaaban@bureauveritas.com
5- uYOKOGAWA
Hamad.alshawoosh@sa.yokogawa.com
6- ARGAS KSA
JOBS@ARGASKSA.COM
7- JATCO
hr@jatco.com.sa
8- Mobily
HR@mobily.com.sa
Recruitment@mobily.com.sa
9- Marafiq
recruitment@marafiq.com
10- Vinnell
job@vinnellarabia.com
11- SADARA
career@sadara.com
12- SATORP
career@satorp.com
13- AYTB
humanresources@aytb.com
14- Safari
career@ safari.com.sa
15- Chamber of Commerce
recruitment@chamber.org.sa
16- Arabian Geophysical & Surveying Co
careers@gaca.gov.sa
17- SAIPEM
hrsa@saipem.com
18- Chevron
scphr@saudichevron.com
19- JGC
recruit@jgc.com.sa
20- JATCO
hrsaudi@jatco.com.sa
21- AYTB
humanresources@aytb.com
22- Schlumberge
armfsrecruiter@slb.com
23- SASREF
a.alshammari@sasref.com.sa
23- SABIC
recruitment@sabic.com
24- Honyweel
MiddleEast@honeywell.com
25- Methanol Chemicals Company
albishi@chemanol.com
26- Jasco
Mohammed.alabdulwahed@jesco.com.sa
27- Sipchem
smushaiti@sipchem.com
28- Rmdkwikform
rmd.ksa@rmdkwikform.com
29- BASF
jobs@basf.com
30- ARAMCO
jobs@saudiamro.com
31- Almajdouie
jobs@almajdouie.com
32- Bank AlFaransi
jobs@alfransi.com.sa
33- Accenture
careers@accenture.com
34- JGC
recruit@jgc.com
35- The Saudi Investment Bank
falyousef@saib.com.sa
36- Wipro
reachus@wipro.com
37- Kincaid International
vacancy@kincaidi.com
38- pg
careers.im@pg.com
39- Sipchem
smushaiti@sipchem.com
aashehri@sipchem.com
mabdullatif@sipchem.com
40- Siemens
yasser.al-mahdi@siemens.com
CHINESE GOVERNMENT SCHOLARSHIP REQUIREMENTS
( List of Agency Numbers )
Step 1. Prepared following docs
1. All educational docs’ degrees and transcripts notarized
2. Two recommendation letters associate prof and above
3. Foreign physical examination form (photo copy)
4. Proposal not more than two pages
research proposal must be about your knowledge of your major.. and tell them what you want to do in future and also write that you continue the work that already going in laboratory
5. Articles or publications if any
6. Experience certificate if any
7. Awards if any
8. Other certificates if any
9. Passport copy
Step 2. Select the Universities related to your field and fill relevant University International Student admission form
Step 3. Fill the CSC scholarship form
Step 1. Go to this site “laihua.csc.edu.cn”
Step 2. Register your self
Step 3. fill the form
Step 4. Finally submit the form
Step 5. Download it
Step 6. Print it
Step 7. Past your photo on it
Step 8. Make set of above all docs
Step 9. Make a photo copy this docs
Step 10. Two sets one original notarized and one photo copy send to relevant university directly
during csc form the first option will be asked from you is agency no of university
i am going to attach agency no
with best of luck and any question please feel free to ask
Agency Number-Name of the University
10001 – Peking University
10002 – RENMIN UNIVERSITY OF CHINA
10003 – TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY
10004 – BEIJING JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY
10005 – BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
10006 – Beihang Univ. (BUAA)
10007 – Beijing Institute of Technology
10008 – Univ. of Science and Technology Beijing
10010 – Beijing Univ. of Chemical Tech.
10013 – Beijing Univ. of Posts and Telecommunications
10019 – China Agricultural Univ (CAU)
10022 – Beijing Forestry Univ.
10026 – Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
10027 – Beijing Normal Univ.
10028 – Capital Normal Univ.
10029 – Capital Institute of Physical Educations
10030 – Beijing Foreign Studies University
10031 – Beijing International Studies Univ.
10032 – Beijing Language and Culture Univ.
10034 – Central Univ. of Finance and Economics
10036 – Univ. of International Business and Economics
10038 – Capital Univ. of Business and Economics
10040 – China Foreign Affairs Univ.
10043 – Beijing Sport University
10045 – Central Conservatory of Music
10047 – Central Academy of Fine Arts
10048 – The Central Academy of Drama
10050 – Beijing Film Academy
10052 – Central University For Nationalities
10053 – China University of Political Science and Law
10054 – North China Electric Power University
10055 – Nankai University
10056 – Tianjin Univ.
10057 – Tianjin Univ. of Science and Technology
10062 – Tianjin Medical University
10063 – Tianjin Univ. of Traditional Chinese Medicine
10065 – Tianjin Normal Univ
10066 – Tianjin Univ. of Technology and Education
10068 – Tianjin Foreign Studies Univ. (TFSU)
10140 – Liaoning University
10141 – Dalian Univ. of Technology
10145 – Northeastern University
10151 – Dalian Maritime Univ.
10159 – China Medical University
10161 – Dalian Medical University
10165 – Liaoning Normal University
10166 – Shenyang Normal University
10172 – Dalian Univ. of Foreign Languages
10173 – Dongbei Univ of Finance and Economics
10183 – Jilin University
10184 – Yanbian Univeristy
10186 – Changchun Univ. of Science and Technology
10200 – Northeast Normal Univ.
10201 – Beihua Univ.
10203 – Jilin Normal Univ.
10210 – Heilongjiang Univ.
10212 – Heilongjiang University
10213 – Harbin Institute of Technology
10217 – Harbin Engineering Univ.
10222 – Jiamusi University
10224 – Northeast Agriculture Univ.
10231 – Harbin Normal University
10246 – Fudan Univ.
10247 – Tongji Univ.
10248 – Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ.
10251 – East China Univ. of Science and Technology
10252 – Univ. of Shanghai for Science and Tech.
10255 – Donghua Univ.
10268 – Shanghai Univ. of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
10269 – East China Normal University
10270 – Shanghai Normal Univ.
10271 – Shanghai International Studies Univ.
10272 – Shanghai Univ. of Finance and Economics (SUFE)
10277 – Shanghai Univ. of Sport
10278 – Shanghai Conservatory of Music
10280 – Shanghai University
10284 – Nanjing Univ.
10285 – Soochow Univ.
10286 – Southeast University
10287 – Nanjing Univ. of Aeronautics and Astronautics
10288 – Nanjing Univ. of Science and Technology
10290 – China Univ. of Mining and Technology
10294 – Hohai University
10295 – Jiangnan University
10300 – Nanjing Univ. of Information Science and Tech.
10307 – Nanjing Agricultural University
10315 – Nanjing Univ of Chinese Medicine
10335 – Zhejiang University
10337 – Zhejiang Univ of Technology
10338 – Zhejiang Sci-Tech Univ.
10345 – Zhejiang Normal Univ.
10355 – China Academy of Art
10357 – Anhui University
10358 – Univ. of Science and Technology of China (USTC)
10359 – Hefei Univ. of Technology
10370 – Anhui Normal Univ.
10384 – Xiamen Univ.
10403 – Nanchang Univ.
10408 – Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute
10422 – Shandong University
10423 – Ocean University of China
10445 – Shandong Normal University
10459 – Zhengzhou University
10486 – Wuhan University
10487 – Huazhong Univ of Science and Tech
10491 – China Univ. of Geosciences (Wuhan)
10497 – Wuhan Univ. of Technology
10504 – Huazhong Agricultural Univ.
10511 – Huazhong Normal University
10520 – Zhongnan Univ. of Economics and Law
10530 – Xiangtan university
10532 – Hunan University, Changsha
10533 – Central South University, Changsha
10542 – Hunan Normal University, Changsha
10558 – Sunyat-Sen University
10560 – Shantou University
10561 – South China University of Technology
10564 – South China Agricultural university
10572 – Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
10574 – South China Normal University
10593 – Guangxi University
10598 – Guangxi Medical University
10602 – Guangxi Normal University
10608 – Guangxi University for Nationalities
10610 – Sichuan University
10611 – Chongqing University
10613 – Southwest Jiaotong University
10614 – University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
10617 – Chongqing University of Posts and telecommunications
10635 – Southwest University
11646 – Ningbo University
10651 – Southwestern University of Finance and Economics
10657 – GUIZHOU UNIVERSTIY
10673 – YUNNAN UNIVERSITY
10674 – KUNMING UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
10681 – YUNNAN NORMAL UNIVERSITY
10689 – YUNNAN UNIVERSITY OF FINANCE & ECONOMICS
10698 – XI’AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY
10699 – NORTHWESTERN PLOY-TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
10701 – XIDIAN UNIVERSITY
10710 – CHANG’AN UNIVERSITY
10712 – NORTHWEST A&F UNIVERSITY
10718 – SHAANXI NORMAL UNIVERSITY
10724 – XI’AN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY
10730 – LANZHOU UNIVERSITY
10731 – LANZHOU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
10732 – LANZHOU JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY
10736 – NORTHWEST NORMAL UNIVERSITY
10749 – NINGXIA UNIVERSITY
10755 – XINJIANG UNIVERSITY
10759 – SHIHEZI UNIVERSITY
10760 – XINJIANG MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
10762 – XINJIANG NORMAL UNIVERSITY
10384 – XIAMEN UNIVERSITY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
Presently Pakistan is facing major energy crisis that has seriously affected the economic growth. Prolonged load shedding is a routine matter. The reason is continuous decline in gas and oil reserves and sharp increase in prices. The work on new multi-purpose dams / water reservoirs like Bhasha Dam have started which is a long-term process and does not provide an immediate solution to its water needs. Use of renewable energy technologies including “Photo Voltaic Solar Power” is an option that can be affectively implemented.
PV Systems are very popular in the western countries where sun irradiations are quite low as compared with Pakistan- being a Sun Belt Country. Solar energy is one of the cheapest and important ways to produce the energy. As per scientists, the energy received from the sun in one hour is more than the whole world’s total produced energy in a year. As per analysis if only half percent of desert land is used for solar energy it would cater the energy demand for this entire world. Pakistan has much potential for solar energy because Pakistan is receiving 19 Mega joules per square meter in a year through which 90% of rural area can be provided with the electricity.
Through out the developed world, Photo Voltaic industry has come a long way and grid parity is now within close reach. In the years to come, activities in the solar market will form an important entree into the development of distributed power systems and the smart grid.In PCRET perspective a clear trend is seen towards a more decentralized generation of electricity in Pakistan as a developing and same has been seen in developed countries.
So far more than ten private sector companies with collaboration from abroad have taken start to install Solar Power Plants of capacity 2 MW to 50 MW in Pakistan. These parties have applied the NEPRA and Alternate Energy Board to acquire licence for installation of these plants in the country. Besides this, many of the individuals are looking forwards to utilize their rooftops for generation of Electric Power from Solar Energy. This means that the PV industry will face many more opportunities related to rooftops in industrial parks or even at the residential level in Pakistan like in the U.S.A, across Europe and Asia as well. Already, the Singapore government has begun second-phase trials of residential rooftop installations to save residential consumption upto 170 MWh of electricity each year. The trials are part of a US$23 million program by the Singapore Government to reduce dependence on conventional electrical energy and bring about more sustainable development.
The next trend in the developed countries is the realization of microgrids which refer to a combination of different clean energy sources close to the consumption centers. PV installations are the first step towards the evolution of microgrids where energy is produced solutions for high-energy-use building clusters such as universities, R&D parks and manufacturing facilities. According to Pike Research’s Microgrids report, between now and 2015, more than 3.1 GW of new microgrid capacity will come online worldwide, representing a total market value of US$7.8 billion. North America is expected to capture at least US$5.8 billion, or 74%, of this market. In addition, more than 2,000 microgrid sites are expected to be operational worldwide by 2015, up from fewer than 100 in 2010.
PCRET also believes that large solar farms (PV Solar Panels installed on large areas on the ground) will continue gaining momentum and that they will get even bigger in the next five to 10 years. For instance, construction on the world’s largest solar farm with 73 MW in Thailand, costing US$250 million, is expected to commence next year. Such large-scale solar farms will begin to demand high powered inverters and more sophisticated monitoring and metering systems.
PCRET is dedicated to provide local national level organizations with renewable energy alternatives, such as solar which will decrease environmental impact as well as reduce energy costs. PV power will become an increasingly widespread and a very important part of our energy infrastructure.In order to familiarizing and utilizing the renewable energy technologies of Photo Voltaic Solar Power, this project will set a trend for other public and private sector buildings to opt PV Systems in Pakistan.
Solar energy is available for more than 300 days a year in Pakistan with about 6-8 effective daylight hours.
Pakistan Power Sector:
Process:
Keeping in view increasing demand for solar energy in Pakistan, our company decided to expand its business from solar panel installation to solar panel manufacturing. After much research and development, we came to know PCRET and its 10 MW solar production line plant. This is closest to Aliaa-Alhijaz’s mission statement: to provide solar energy at reasonable cost and high quality. So we visited PCRET LABS and acquired data for our purpose, detail of which is given below.
Solar Cell:
Solar cell is basic unit of solar panel. It comes in different sizes. For example 0.6 Volts, 4.9 Watts, and 9.8 Amps. 0.6 V, 4.5 Watts, 7.5Amps. It is joined in series and parallel to obtain different voltages and current according to our requirement. Solar cell is pasted with silver lining and Aluminum alloy for tabbing.
Tabbing: is a means of attaching leads, or has leads for your electrical cell. Metallic tabbing ribbon pasted with flux material is placed on negative side of solar cell and then soldered with soldering machine. Extra ribbon is left along the length of cell for joining to other cell. It can be done manually or by help of automatic or semi automatic tabbing machine.
Keeping in view while soldering, there should be no bubbles in solder joint otherwise it would break while lamination process and whole cell would be defected/cracked.
Stringing: Connecting one cell with other in a string like fashion is called stringing. Leads from negative side of one cell are connected to positive side of other cell. It continues until required number of cells is arranged in a string. In this manner voltage of solar cells remain the same however current increases as number of cells increase. If we wish to increase voltage, we add or join cell in series.
Lamination: After stringing solar cells are covered with 1-EVA, 2- TEMPERED GLASS COATING 3-TEDLAR sheet. This whole assembly is placed in lamination machine, which has 3 chambers namely A, B and C. Each chamber process takes 15 minutes and then shifts the solar panel to next chamber. During the process glass and EVA material melts and sticks to solar cells like clear crystal glass.
Framing: When it comes out of lamination machine, its size is measured and accordingly it is framed with aluminum frames and adhesive material.
Testing: Solar panel is placed inside solar module test machine and it VI curve is observed on interface. Short circuit current and open circuit voltage values are compared with on load curve conditions. If there is any defect in panel, it would be highlighted by zigzag or obviated pattern of VI curve. EL-test of solar module undergoes to check the fault in solar module which can affect the output of solar module. EL testing shows the X-ray of whole solar module. If any solar cell of solar module is defective then it will be repaired by using repairing technique. Defective solar cell will be re-laminated to solar module after recovery.
Cost of 270 watt Solar PV Panel
| Sr. No. | Component/Material/Items /Specifications | Quantity | Cost of Used to Produce
Module in Rs. |
Material cost of 270 watt Module in Rs. |
| 1
|
A-Grade Mono Crystalline Solar Cell with efficiency > 18% | 60 Cells | 220.00 | 13200.00 |
| 2 | Junction Box with Blocking Diodes and Cables | One | 1200 | 1200.00 |
| 3 | Al-frames Size 165.5 X 100.5 cm | One | 2442 | 2442.00 |
| 4 | Tempered Glass 165 X 100 cm | One | 2500 | 2500.00 |
| 5 | Tedlar Sheet | 1.65 Sq m | 1265 per Sq m | 2087.25 |
| 6 | Fast Curing E.V.A
Width 2100 mm |
3.3 Sq m | 542 Sq m | 885.00 |
| 7 | Tabbing /Bus bar Material | 143 gm
19gm 162gm |
7200 kg | 1166.40 |
| 8 | IPA
2.5 liter |
1 Bottles for Tempered Glasses cleaning | 1600 | 16.00 |
| 9 | Dichloromethane
2.5 liter |
3600 Cells
|
1800 | 30.00 |
| 10 | Flux | 120 Panels
|
680 | 5.66 |
| 11 | Magic Tape (M3) | 30 Panels | 110 | 3.66 |
| 12 | Tissue Papers | 08 Rolls | 60 | 7.50 |
| 13 | Electricity Charges per watt | 540 | 2.00 | |
| 14 | Labor Charges | 540 | 2.00 | |
| 15 | Testing Charges | 1000 | 3.700 | |
|
Total Cost of 270 W Mono Crystalline Solar Panel |
Rs. 25110 per 270 W
A-Grade Solar PV Module |
|||
|
Cost per watt of Certified and Warranted A-Grade PV Module |
Rs.93/- per Watt |
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COMPARISONS OF SOLAR PANELS/SOLAR MODULES
| SOLAR PANELS/SOLAR MODULES
MADE BY PCRET |
IMPORTED PANELS/SOLAR MODULES |
| Type of Solar Panel | Type of Solar Panel |
| Mono Crystalline Cells | Mono Crystalline Cells |
| Wattage | Wattage |
| 270 W | 250 W |
| Efficiency/Grade | Efficiency//Grade |
| 15% to 16.5 % (A and + A Grade) | 15 % to 16 % (A-Grade) |
| Warrantee and Life Cycle | Warrantee and Life Cycle |
| Warrantee at 92% for 25 Years and
life for 25 to 30 Years |
Warrantee at 90 % for 10 Years and
life for 25 Years |
| Cost Per Watt | Cost Per Watt |
| Rs. 93/- without profit | Rs. 115/- to 125/- |
Key Equipment List:
Raw Materials:
Cost Analysis:
Cost Comparison of PV Solar Panels and Selling Point: PCRET encourages the production of A-Grade Solar Panels only.
Actual Cost Analysis: The actual cost depends upon the cost of imported cells and materials in bulk.
(Total cost of manufacturing is Rs.86/- per Watt).
* This is cost for quantity in Thousands it goes further 10 % to 15 % down when quaintly is in 100 thousands.
The Future of this Business: As this product is new and industry is growing slowly. Only three industries are presently producing very limited quantity of PV Solar Panels in Pakistan. These three industries are i). M/S Tesla, Islamabad. ii). M/A Akhtar Solar, Hattar and iii). Nizam Solar, Karachi. All of these three companies are heavily booked for their production orders and there is very big business opportunity in Pakistan to start this industry.
As the number of local industries is increased in Pakistan and a sizeable production is achieved, the Alternate Energy Development Board and Engineering Development Board will be bound to impose duty on the import of PV Solar Panels from abroad.
Mean while PCRET has sensitized the Alternate Energy Development Board to impose duty on all PV Solar Panels which are below the quality of A-Grade Solar Panels. This will help the local investor to take benefit of this offer of PCRET for transfer of technology of High Quality PV Solar Panels in Pakistan.
Bilal Nasir Khan 